Editor’s note: This is the third in a three-part series discussing illicit drug use in Tooele County, criminality linked to drugs and treatment and recovery.
Growing up, Adam Baxter knew he didn’t want to use drugs.
Both of his parents were active drug users and while he drank socially in high school, he stayed away from the harder substances.
When he was 17, Baxter got his girlfriend at the time pregnant. The pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.
“So we buried our son and I really, I didn’t have the skills to cope with that type of tragedy, that type of experience,” Baxter said. “So rather than deal with it emotionally or spiritually, I just tried to numb the feeling with drugs and alcohol.”
While he started with marijuana and ecstasy, Baxter said he started using opiates. The opiates led to heroin, which is cheaper and has the same effect.
Baxter bounced between Utah and Arizona, where he was born, to try and get away from his drug use disorder. He left Utah for 10 years, but remained with an active addiction to heroin.
“Anywhere you go, the drugs are going to be there because you’re a drug user, so you can find them no matter what,” he said.
Once he managed to get off heroin, Baxter turned to methamphetamine, then started to use both for a three-year period. He was eventually arrested on distribution charges in Grantsville.
“I did about 33 days in Tooele County (Detention Center) and heard somebody with more distribution charges than me got out on drug court,” he said. “So I immediately hit up my public defender and told him I wanted drug court just so I could get out of jail.”
While Baxter said he joined the Tooele County drug court program in April 2016 as an excuse to get out of jail, he spent just over a year to complete the program. Since February 2016, he has never had a reoccurrence of use.
The first drug court in Utah was in Salt Lake’s 3rd District Court in 1996, according to the state. Drug courts were established after drug-related crimes have increased and judges saw the same offenders appear in their courts repeatedly.
“It seemed as if traditional methods of dealing with addicts such as strict probation or mandatory imprisonment did not attack the fundamental problem of addiction,” according to utcourts.gov.
Rebecca Brown, chief strategy officer for Valley Behavioral Health in Tooele County, said the best candidates for the county’s drug court and similar programs are those motivated for treatment.
“We do want to find people who have a desire to engage,” Brown said.
When doing an initial screening at intake, however, there is typically more resistance from someone court-ordered to treatment, Brown said. Those candidates are screened and evaluated to determine their level of required care and review risk factors.
“When we’re dealing with the court-ordered drug court population, most of them are not with us by choice,” Brown said.
In Tooele County, patients also have access to individual and group therapy, case management services, and jail in-reach services through Valley Behavioral Health. Some of the services are available in Salt Lake because Tooele hasn’t traditionally been big enough to provide some services, such as a residential setting, Brown said.
The treatment provided by Valley Behavioral Health also includes offering prescription drugs like suboxone or vivitrol to deal with opioid cravings, depending on the client. The treatment process also addresses past trauma, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and other factors, Brown said.
“Really, we can offer a comprehensive continuum of care and we will support that through our other programs throughout all of Valley Behavioral Health,” she said. “So we offer everything from a residential setting to … just the traditional outpatient model of care.”
When looking specifically at drug court, treatment starts with extensive outpatient, which can become general outpatient with the proper treatment and guidance, according to Steve Barrett, operations manager at Valley Behavioral Health. The progress of each drug court attendee is reported back to the court monthly, whether it’s positive or negative.
Most of the people entering drug court are generally high risk and high need, Barrett said. Those who are too high of a risk for Valley Behavioral to manage usually stay with Adult Probation and Parole.
Barrett said drug court is a very structured program to hold those in treatment accountable. If they miss a group meeting, for instance, it is reported to the court or Adult Probation and Parole.
The drug court program does have failures, Barrett admitted, as some don’t want the change. Most are set on getting a reduction in their criminal charges if they complete the program, he said, with some taking as long as three years to finish.
“It takes time,” Barrett said. “When they first come in, it’s very structured. It’s hard for them to change the lifestyle, the criminogenic thinking lifestyle, for them.”
Despite the failed attempts, Barrett said many do very well in drug court, with some staying for after care and others becoming leaders in groups like Narcotics Anonymous or Alcoholics Anonymous.
“To get them back into the community on a good note, instead of a negative, is always a good thing for us,” Barrett said. “It’s a success for us.”
There’s a waiting list for drug court right now, according to Barrett, with 50 people currently enrolled.
Another expansion of treatment has been through the Justice Reinvestment Initiative, which was approved by the state Legislature and Gov. Gary Herbert in 2015. The stated goal of JRI is to reduce incarceration and recidivism rates by allowing more low-risk offenders to be treated in the community.
Under JRI, inmates can receive time cuts of at least four months from their ordered release date by completing programs such as substance use treatment, vocational training, or completing a high school diploma or GED.
Law enforcement has seen some changes as a result of JRI, according to agencies in Tooele County. Grantsville City Police Sgt. Lydon Allred said when someone is arrested, they’re more likely to try to connect it to a drug use problem in the hopes of staying out of jail.
It hasn’t changed how law enforcement handles arrests, however, according to Tooele County Sheriff’ s Lt. Eli Wayman.
“The court system can do what it’s going to do,” Wayman said. “That’s kind of out of our hands. We still have to be proactive in our enforcement and do our job to protect life and property. Ultimately what happens in the court system happens in the court system.”
A veteran of law enforcement, Barrett said the focus of JRI is a positive, with keeping low-level offenders out of the jail.
“It’s always been a positive for us to try to get them back to their families and on the street where we’re not housing them,” he said. “You don’t need to house minimal offenders in the jail or mental health people in the jail. That’s not the place for them.”
Brown said JRI helps provide alternatives to incarceration for those with mental illness or substance use disorder, which can be treated. The initiative has also provided more access to treatment for those disorders and involved more community partners, she said.
“The number one thing that we’ve seen as a benefit from the JRI initiative has been the interest in law enforcement, sheriff’s department and other community stakeholders in the collaboration of the care for our clients as a whole,” Brown said.
While the strict nature of programs like drug court provide structure, Baxter said it was hard to sit in a drug court group with someone who used that day and was given community service hours, while he spent the weekend in jail for missing a one-on-one meeting with a therapist because he was attending welding school.
Drug court did encourage Baxter to join Narcotics Anonymous, at first to gather required signatures to complete the program.
“I started going just for the signatures but started hearing stuff that really stuck with me,” Baxter said. “Stuff that I could relate to. So I knew that once I didn’t have that supervision of drug court, that if I wanted to stay clean, that I had somewhere to go to do that, with like-minded people trying to do the same thing.”
After graduating drug court, Baxter met the founder of the Salt Lake chapter of Young People in Recovery, a national nonprofit aimed at creating access to resources those with substance use disorder need to recover, get an education and employment, and build healthy relationships. He was encouraged to start a chapter in Tooele County, which he did in November 2017.
“I knew from my experience in drug court, or I learned rather, what Tooele County was lacking in recovery services,” Baxter said. “So to have an organization backing me that would help bring those organizations around, or help develop them, seemed like a good idea.”
Many of the challenges facing those with substance use disorder go beyond getting clean, Baxter said. Understanding how to apply for a job or financial aid for school, where to find a safe place to live, and even how to have fun without drugs can be challenging for those with long-term substance use disorder, he said.
“We also do monthly pro-social activities, which is a lot of times, people who are active users don’t know how to have fun without being high or drunk,” Baxter said. “So we put on activities to show them how to do that while they’re in recovery.”
Both Valley Behavioral Health and Baxter agree that a major hurdle for those in long-term recovery is acceptable housing.
Brown said Tooele County is growing so fast it outstrips funding for the necessary support functions, which are generally based upon the number of residents eligible for the programs or the total population in the county. Another effect of the rapid growth is a lack of available housing.
“The other thing that I think would exponentially improve our ability to care for clients is the access and availability of affordable housing in the county that can be managed and supported by behavioral health organizations,” Brown said. “That is something that we see providing a great success in our other communities with those partnerships and there is not enough housing, period. Which speaks back to the same thing — the growth problem in Tooele.”
Baxter echoed the sentiment, calling a housing a challenge in Tooele County.
“There’s no transitional living,” he said. “There’s nowhere for somebody in drug court to go and find somewhere to live that isn’t right above a bar or in a trailer park near where most of the drugs are sold.”
Back in June, the Tooele City Council approved a rezone of the former Harris Elementary School for Skull Valley Health Care to repurpose the building into a drug rehabilitation center. A remodel of the school would create housing for up to 120 patients, with educational group areas and other amenities for those working on long-term recovery.
Baxter said he was thankful for the treatment facility and said he hopes a transitional housing facility can be constructed in the future.
In addition to helping provide resources, Baxter’s Young People in Recovery chapter is focused on reducing stigma around those in long-term recovery. While he is in Narcotics Anonymous and identifies as an addict in the program, Baxter said it’s not how you want to present yourself to the general public.
“Well, you really don’t want to identify as that to someone you’re trying to get a job with or to someone you want to rent from,” Baxter said. “So I introduce myself as a person in long-term recovery versus I’m an addict. That automatically changes the conversation and changes the person you’re talking to’s thinking.”
Baxter said other terms, like abuse or junkie, also create negative emotions around those attempting to recover from substance use disorder.
Baxter also said someone new in recovery who wants it but doesn’t know how to get it requires support from everyone in the community, including treatment providers, law enforcement, and the courts.
“I’m just over three and a half years clean, and about two years off of cigarettes, but I still crave a cigarette every now and then,” he said. “I still have dreams about using meth and heroin. There are still situations that might trigger me into thinking, ‘Oh man, I should go use or I could go use’ but because I actively work every day toward the goal of not using, it’s easier for me. But for somebody new, where they don’t know how to cope, they don’t know how to actively work on it, it’s hard.”
Valley Behavioral Health can be contacted in Tooele at 435-843-3520 or 801-530-0950. You can reach out to the Tooele County chapter of Young People in Recovery at tooelecountyut@youngpeopleinrecovery.org.